Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. And theory x theory y was based on mcgregor s book of 1960s called the human side of enterprise. Mcgregor considers theory x and theory y as two different continua in themselves, they are not different ends of the same continuum. Their application in assessing leadership styles article pdf available in academic leadership 74 january 2009 with 7,275 reads how we measure reads. Mcgregors theory x and theory y introduction human beings have been studied systematically and objectively for many years to determine if they are resistant to work or selfgoverning. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor.
By highlighting theory y, he hoped instead to persuade managers to abandon the limiting assumptions of theory x and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Theory x was based on a number of key assumptions, the most important of which was that individuals instinctively didnt like work. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the theory. Many theorists support that mcgregor s theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y essay. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Mcgregors xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. Theory x most people dislike work, and avoid it if they can.
Jim was a fellow manager at hanover insurance, and we often reflected on the diseases produced by the prevailing hierarchical management practices of that time. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor s in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. Douglas mcgregor s work builds on the work of other behavioral scientists who showed a link between human behavior, motivation, and productivity.
In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Mcgregor argues that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. In comparison to theory x, theory y adds more of a democratic and free. Mcgregor s work had a huge effect on administrative thought. It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings.
Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles biography douglas mcgregor. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Sep 26, 2016 a powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregor s theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories.
Theory x suggests that individuals have an instilled dislike for work and try to avoid it. These findings were detailed in the human side of enterprise, first published in 1960. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Alan chapman 200108 based on douglas mcgregors xy theory. Free xy theory test tool personal and organizational pdf. The trick is to be aware of your assumptions and to adapt your management style, so that all members of your team can benefit. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been.
If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Mcgregor contributed these two sets of assumptions the purposefully impartial labels of theory x and theory y. At the heart of mcgregor s argument is the notion that managers as. There were two main parts to this framework, theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor, best known for his comparison of the x and y theories of management, is often considered the father of the y management theory. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. The strongest influence in this area is motivation because it overlaps into both of the other two components. He introduced a new motivational theory in his book the human side of enterprise, stating that all workers were divided into two groups. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques.
Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Nov 20, 2011 theory x, theory y by douglas mcgregor is a motivation theory. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and motivation. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. It showed up when the behavioral sciences were assuming an expanding part in how managers considered their work. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. Mcgregor s accomplishment lay in depicting attention to two contrasting types of managerial attitude. Thus, all workers dislike work, try to avoid work, are born inherently lazy, must be constantly dominated into doing a honest. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of coercive methods and by direction.
Theory x and theory y were initially presented in the early work of douglas mcgregor. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. Theory x and theory y explains how your perceptions can affect your. In the human side of enterprise mcgregor recognised that theory y was not a panacea for all ills.
Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. To develop your understanding of mcgregor s xy theory, complete the free mcgregor xy theory test pdf, or doc version, which indicates whether your organisation is more theory x or theory y, as well as indicating your own or the particular individuals preference to be managed by x or y style. Social psychologist mcgregor s theory x and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregor s theory y thinking back from pre.
In his book, the human side of enterprise, he outlined a new role for managers. Theory x workers were lazy, irrational and unreliable, and were only motivated by money and. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. In addition, managers who tend to utilize mcgregors theory x generally receive poor results from their employees. Theory z william ouchi first things first theory z is not a mcgregor idea and as such is not mcgregor s extension of his xy theory. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. Mcgregor s xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. The latter theory has a much more positive view about employees and it is suggested that the employer is under a lot less pressure than one who is influenced by the management style of theory x. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Mcgregor s work made a significant impact on managerial thought. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Douglas mcgregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called theory x and theory y. Pdf motivation theories of maslow, herzberg, mcgregor.
Aug 21, 2015 this article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory x and theory y, 1998 the y management theory implies that employees as responsible individuals, who are motivated by a sense of accomplishment. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation.
Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold. How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. In his book the human side of enterprise 1960, douglas mcgregor studied behavior patterns of individuals in the workplace, and formulated the x and y theory. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y.
Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Job satisfaction, motivation, and reward systems are included in one area of organizational theory.
In addition, managers who tend to utilize mcgregor s theory x generally receive poor results from their employees. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Theory x vs theory y managers because employees have historically been given a flat exchange of time and energy for income, workplace incentives have often been rooted in a fear of loss of employment, in earning potential from extra productivity, or in acquiescing to managerial dominance for promotion. This lesson goes over these additional learning goals. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Dec 22, 2017 mcgregor proposed that there were two types of managers. Pub type information analyses 070 reports general 140 edrs price mf01pc01 plus postage. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation.
Our work is empirically contributory by providing a constructvalid measure of theory xy managerial assumptions, an instrument that. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. He referred to these two perceptions as theory x and theory y. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Compare with maslow and mcgregor theory free essays. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor.
He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. According to mcgregor 1960, 1966, management styles that the supervisors apply in a work setting range from theory x to theory y principles. Yet, mcgregor s 1960 assumption that employees perform. It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. Theory z was developed by william ouchi, in his book 1981 theory z. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Moreover, mcgregor recognized that implementation of these practices with a theory x mindset will be limitedly successful, with employees seeing such techniques as disingenuous manipulations heil et al, 2000.
John wiley, 2000 journal article douglas mcgregor a lasting impression, robert a cunningham ivey business journal, sepoct vol 75 issue 5, 2011, pp57 related model mcgregor s theory x and theory y related thinkers. How american business can meet the japanese challenge. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Because they dont like work, most people must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment to get them to work toward the achievement of organizational objectives. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in my philosophy of. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the managers perception of people. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. The human side of enterprise in the book the human side of enterprise, mcgregor identified an approach of creating an environment within which employees are motivated via authoritative direction and control or integration and selfcontrol, which he called theory x and theory y, respectively. The assumptions personified in the two approaches are illustrated further down.
However, the impact between xy attitudes and job performance has never been empirically substantiated. Clearly, a theory y approach sounds more appealing but, in fact, different members of one team might benefit from different management approaches, depending on the situation. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Mba 101 leadership, motivation mcgregor theory x and theory y. Yet, mcgregors 1960 assumption that employees perform. What are the advantages and disadvantages of theory x and. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Backgrounds douglas mcgregor was a management professor at the mit sloan school of management. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how it.
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